Effect of sodium-dependent glucose transporter inhibitors on glycated hemoglobin A1c after 24 weeks in patients with diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate dapagliflozin, canagliflozin, empagliflozin, ertugliflozin, and sotagliflozin according to their effect on the glycated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. METHODS: The Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and Clinical Trials databases were electronically searched to collect randomized controlled trials of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus through June 2020. Two researchers independently screened and evaluated the obtained studies and extracted the outcome indexes. RevMan 5.3 software was used to perform the meta-analysis and to create plots. RESULTS: Finally, 27 studies were selected and included in this study. The meta-analysis results showed that sodium-dependent glucose transporter (SGLT) inhibitors significantly reduced the HbA1c level in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, these results were highly heterogeneous, so we conducted a subgroup analysis. The results of the subgroup analysis suggested that by dividing populations into different subgroups, the heterogeneity of each group could be reduced. CONCLUSIONS: SGLT inhibitors had a good effect on the HbA1c level in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, but there might be differences in the efficacy of SGLT inhibitors in different populations. It is hoped that more studies will be conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of SGLT inhibitors in different populations. REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42020185025.

A rapid MALDI MS/MS based method for assessing saffron (Crocus sativus L.) adulteration.

We report on a sensitive and fast quantitative MALDI-MS/MS method used to assess saffron authenticity by direct analysis through the determination of picrocrocin as the saffron authenticity marker, and using curcumin as the non-isotopic isobaric internal standard. The internal standard curcumin yielded good linearity (R2 = 0.994), and with confidence intervals at 95% for intercept. The detectable maximum adulteration percentage (99.0%) was estimated interpolating the limit of detection (LOD) for the isobaric internal standard in linear regression. The LOD was 47.63 ppm, and LOQ was 56.53 ppm. Good accuracy and precision were obtained for all concentrations. The capability of the MS approach to monitor analytes in a specific, selective fashion was used to obtain a semi-quantitative adulteration percentage and to establish the adulterant by additional experiments. The detection of gardecin and its derivatives in commercial samples indicated that Gardenia jasminoides Ellis was used as the adulterant.

Rapid Determination of Chlorogenic Acid, Luteoloside and 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic Acid in Chrysanthemum Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy.

The feasibility of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) to detect chlorogenic acid, luteoloside and 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid in Chrysanthemum was investigated. An NIR spectroradiometer was applied for data acquisition. The reference values of chlorogenic acid, luteoloside, and 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid of the samples were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and were used for model calibration. The results of six preprocessing methods were compared. To reduce input variables and collinearity problems, three methods for variable selection were compared, including successive projections algorithm (SPA), genetic algorithm-partial least squares regression (GA-PLS), and competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS). The selected variables were employed as the inputs of partial least square (PLS), back propagation-artificial neural networks (BP-ANN), and extreme learning machine (ELM) models. The best performance was achieved by BP-ANN models based on variables selected by CARS for all three chemical constituents. The values of rp2 (correlation coefficient of prediction) were 0.924, 0.927, 0.933, the values of RMSEP were 0.033, 0.018, 0.064 and the values of RPD were 3.667, 3.667, 2.891 for chlorogenic acid, luteoloside, and 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid, respectively. The results indicated that NIR spectroscopy combined with variables selection and multivariate calibration methods could be considered as a useful tool for rapid determination of chlorogenic acid, luteoloside, and 3,5-O-dicaffeoylquinic acid in Chrysanthemum.

Development of pure certified reference material of stevioside.

Pure stevioside was extracted from leaves of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) to be used as a reference material in the instrument calibration or method validation process. The mass fraction was determined by comparison between the mass balance method and quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR) spectroscopy. The impurities in the sample were analyzed by Karl Fischer titration for moisture content and thermogravimetric analysis for inorganic residue. Homogeneity, together with short term and long term stability, were also studied and the uncertainty was reported. The certified value of this mass fraction is 0.986 ±â€¯0.0019 (k = 2) with 1 year stability.

Rational quality assessment procedure for less-investigated herbal medicines: Case of a Congolese antimalarial drug with an analytical report.

Herbal medicines are the most globally used type of medical drugs. Their high cultural acceptability is due to the experienced safety and efficiency over centuries of use. Many of them are still phytochemically less-investigated, and are used without standardization or quality control. Choosing SIROP KILMA, an authorized Congolese antimalarial phytomedicine, as a model case, our study describes an interdisciplinary approach for a rational quality assessment of herbal drugs in general. It combines an authentication step of the herbal remedy prior to any fingerprinting, the isolation of the major constituents, the development and validation of an HPLC-DAD analytical method with internal markers, and the application of the method to several batches of the herbal medicine (here KILMA) thus permitting the establishment of a quantitative fingerprint. From the constitutive plants of KILMA, acteoside, isoacteoside, stachannin A, and pectolinarigenin-7-O-glucoside were isolated, and acteoside was used as the prime marker for the validation of an analytical method. This study contributes to the efforts of the WHO for the establishment of standards enabling the analytical evaluation of herbal materials. Moreover, the paper describes the first phytochemical and analytical report on a marketed Congolese phytomedicine.

[Determination of eleven major components and fingerprint chromatography for Reduning injection by UPLC].

A reliable method for simultaneous determinition of eleven representative components (neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid B, isochlorogenic acid A, isochlorogenic acid C, shanzhiside, geniposidic acid, genipin-1-ß-D-gentiobioside, geniposide and secoxyloganin) in combination of chromatographic fingerpint analysis for Reduning injection was developed by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). The method was performed on an Agilent ZORBAX SB-C18 anlytical column (3. 0 mm x 100 mm, 1. 8 µm) with a guard column of Agilent UPLC Guard ZORBAX SB-C18 (3.0 mm x 5 mm) at the column temperature of 30 °C. The gradient mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile (A)-0. 1% phosphoric acid (B) with a flow rate of 0. 4 mL . min-1. The injection volumn was 2 µL. The detection wavelengths were set at 324 nm and 238 nm for quantit tive analysis and 225 nm for fingerpint chromatography. Neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid B, isochlorogenic acid A, isochlorogenic acid C, shanzhiside, geniposidic acid, genipin-1-ß-D-gentiobioside, geniposide and secoxyloganin were baseline seperated with good linearity relationships (r >0. 999) between concentration and peak areas over the linear ranges. The average recoverys of the investigated compounds were 103.5%, 100. 2%, 103. 3%, 102. 8%, 101. 3%, 102. 8%, 97. 36%, 99. 62%, 98. 16%, 102. 8%, 99. 27%, respectively. Reduning injection of forty-five batches was analyzed by UPLC finge print chromatography. Thirty batches were selected to generate the reference fringerprint chromatography with fourteen common peaks. The similarity values between the reference fringerprint chromatography and the remaining fifteen batches were higher than 0. 99. The developed method was fast, accurate and sensitive. It could be used as a reference for the quality control of multiple components determination and fingerprint chromatography for Reduning injection in future.

[Study on in situ intestinal absorption of baicalin contained in Tiangou Jiangya capsules].

OBJECTIVE: To study in situ intestinal absorption kinetics of baicalin contained in Tiangou Jiangya capsules, and the effect of different intestinal segments, pH value, drug concentration and P-gp inhibitor on the absorption. METHOD: The in situ intestinal perfusion test was adopted, and HPLC method was used to determine the content of baicalin in samples at different time points. Ultra-violet (UV) spectrophotometry was used to determine the content of phenol red in samples at different time points. RESULT: When pH value was at 5. 0, 6. 5, 7. 4, the absorption of baicalin was not impacted. P-gp inhibitor verapamil could enhance the absorption of baicalin. When the quality concentration of the test solution ranged between 5-20 g L -1 , the linearity of the absorption amount of baicalin increased. The absorption kinetic equation of baicalin was Y = -0. 073 7X +0. 118 7 (r = 0. 994 8) , K. 0. 073 7 h -1 , t1/2 9. 40 h. CONCLUSION: Baicalin is mainly absorbed in colon. The absorption of baicalin shows the first-order kinetics process, with the absorption mechanism of passive diffusion. Baicalin is a substrate for P-gp.

Sweeteners from plants--with emphasis on Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) and Siraitia grosvenorii (Swingle).

In addition to their widely recognized use as dietary supplement ingredients, plant-derived compounds are increasingly used as natural sweeteners. The search for nonnutritive sweeteners has been stimulated over the last 20-30 years by concern over demonstrated or suspected relationships between consumption of sucrose and high-fructose corn syrups and a variety of health-related conditions. In the USA, there is increased use of plant extracts known to contain highly sweet terpenoids. Purified extracts of Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) containing the diterpene glycosides stevioside and rebaudioside A are popular as sweeteners and are also used as dietary supplements, and soft drinks and nutritional and energy shakes incorporating extracts of Siraitia grosvenorii (Swingle) fruits containing sweet triterpene glycosides such as mogroside V are also on the market. Here, we review recent studies on these two important sources of noncaloric natural sweeteners, including analytical methods used to identify and quantify specific constituents and structural features relating to their sweetness. We also review the generally recognized as safe status of specific components and their status with respect to review by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives.

[Quantitative analysis of calycosin glycoside and formononetin in Radix astragali from different sources].

OBJECTIVE: To establish the quantitative methods for calycosin glycoside and formononetin in Radix Astragali, and the samples from different sources were analyzed, in order to supply the basis for the quality control of Radix Astragali. METHOD: The content of calycosin glycoside and formononetin in 59 samples of Radix Astragali from eight with different provinces was analyzed by HPLC-DAD. RESULT: The contents of calycosin glycoside and formononetin in Radix Astragali from different sources, with different cultivating method or in different ages differed markedly, and the results showed that the quality of samples from Shannxi, Innermongolia and Shanxi were better than other sources, and the semi-wild samples were better than other cultiving samples, moreover the shorter age, the better quality. CONCLUSION: This simple, accurate and reproducible method could use to determine the contents of isoflavanoids in Radix Astragali.

[Investigation on explovitage of Gentiana straminea].

Gentiopicrin contents in different organs, habitats and harvest time of Gentiana straminea cultivated at Gansu were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results showed that the gentiopicrin contents in the plants growing for three years were slightly higher than those of two years, but the difference was not significant (P > 0.05). The average gentiopicrin contents in roots, stems and leaves were 13.30%, 2.95% and 2.24% respectively. Within the same growing year, gentiopicrin contents were decreased in stems and leaves but increased in roots with the harvest delay. The gentiopicrin contents also varied with lower to high altilude were 10.23%, 13.12% and 15.54% in Longxi, Kangle and Lintan county respectively. All these results indicated that the gentiopicrin contents in roots, stems and leaves of cultivated G. straminea were all conformable to the Codex criterion (2%). Considering both gentiopicrin yield and production cost, the biennial roots should be taken and harvested after October before soil frozen. However, the harvest should be predated by the end of August or the beginning of September only for stems and leaves. It is benefit for gentiopicrin accumulation in G. straminea when cultivated in high-altitude areas.

[Paeoniflorin Reference Standard (Control 021) of National Institute of Health Sciences].

The raw material of paeoniflorin was examined for the preparation of the "Paeoniflorin Reference Standard". The analytical data obtained were: UV spectrum, lambda max, 231.9 nm; and specific absorbance (E(1 cm)1%) in methanol at 230 nm = 263.4 IR spectrum, specific absorptions of the raw material were consistent with those of the Paeoniflorin Reference Standard Standard (Control 012); High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC), several impurities were detected. The total amount of impurities was 0.86%. Based on the above results, the candidate material was authorized as the Paeoniflorin Reference Standard (Control 021) of the National Institute of Health Sciences.

[Paeoniflorin Reference Standard (Control 011) of National Institute of Health Sciences].

The raw material of paeoniflorin was examined for preparation of the "Paeoniflorin Reference Standard". The analytical data obtained were: UV spectrum: lambda max, 231.7 nm; and specific absorbance (E1% 1 cm) in methanol at 230 nm, 265.4; IR spectrum, specific absorptions of raw material were consistent with that of Standard (Control 985). High-performance liquid chromatography, several impurities were detected. The amount of each impurity was estimated at less than 0.1% and total amount of impurities was less than 0.2%. Based on the above results, the candidate material was authorized as the Paeoniflorin Reference Standard (Control 011) of the National Institute of Health Sciences.

[Experimental studies on the quality of ostracean powder].

In this paper, the contents of astragaloside IV, calcium carbonate, amino acids and trace elements in Ostraacean Powder have been measured. These studies present a scientific evaluation on the quality of Ostracean Powder.